Figure 3

The Negative Logarithm to Base 10 of p Values under the Alternative Hypothesis as a Function of Minor Allele Frequencies (MAFs, ρ ) and Odds Ratios (ORs, exp ( β )) given a Fixed Sample Size n = 2000. The negative logarithm to base 10 of p values is corresponding to the expected test statistics in Figure 2 under the alternative hypothesis. We observed that, when MAF = 0.4 and OR = 1.5, -log10 of p value = 4.5044; when MAF = 0.1 and OR = 1.8, -log10 of p value = 2.1312.