Development of SNP markers for genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway and their association to kernel and malting traits in barley

Table 8 Significant marker trait associations of haplotypes found in 190 European barley cultivars and selected kernel and malting quality parameters for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR)

Haplotype	Trait	Unit	MLM_PCA			MLM_QK			GLM_Q
			P	R²Model	R²Marker	P	R²Model	R²Marker	P	R²Model	R²Marker
PAL_H1	KY	dt/ha	0.04*	0.643	0.018	0.007**	0.709	0.022	0.002**¹	0.597	0.039
PAL_H2	KF	1-9	0.01*	0.371	0.035	0.005**	0.373	0.040	0.004**	0.370	0.043
	KY	dt/ha	0.039*	0.643	0.018	0.046*	0.699	0.012	0.018*	0.582	0.024
PAL_H3	KF	1-9	0.006**	0.378	0.042	0.016*	0.363	0.030	0.009**	0.361	0.034
C4H_H1	KY	dt/ha	0.007**	0.655	0.030	0.004**²	0.711	0.025	0.001***²	0.601	0.043
F3H_H1	KRP	%	0.001***³	0.605	0.031	0.002**³	0.568	0.025	0.002**³	0.568	0.025
	KY	dt/ha	0.003**	0.662	0.036	0.014*	0.584	0.026	0.014*	0.584	0.026
F3H_H3	KRP	%	0.006**	0.595	0.021	0.001**³	0.572	0.028	0.001***³	0.572	0.028
	pH	pH	0.035*	0.375	0.032	0.011*	0.253	0.048	0.011*	0.253	0.048
F3H_H4	FiAt	%	0.002**³	0.376	0.070	0.025*	0.090	0.043	0.025*	0.090	0.043
	FEX	%	0.007**	0.522	0.073	0.046*	0.199	0.050	0.046*	0.199	0.050
DFR_H3	SF 2.2-2.5 mm	%	0.033*	0.250	0.028	0.025*	0.271	0.027	0.030*	0.187	0.028
	Brab	HE	0.022*	0.557	0.037	0.002**³	0.496	0.063	0.001***³	0.214	0.117
	Visc	mPas	0.031*	0.679	0.017	0.004**	0.681	0.027	0.004**	0.494	0.043

Different statistical linear models were considered: 1. Mixed linear model (MLM) with principal component analysis (PCA), 2. MLM with kinship (K), 3. General linear model (GLM) with population structure (Q), significant at *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001 or after Bonferroni correction with ¹P < 0.0033, ²P < 0.005, ³P < 0.0025. Trait abbreviations are: KY = kernel yield [dt/ha], KF = kernel formation [1–9], SF = Sieve fraction, K_RP = kernel raw protein [%], pH = ph-value, FiAt = final attenuation, FEX = Fermentable extract, Brab= brabender, Visc = viscosity [mPas].

ISSN: 2730-6844