| Approach | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Include Z | Stratify by Z | Residualize by Z | Ignore Z |
1. ADDITIVE | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ | +/+ |
2. ADDITIVE WITH CONFOUNDING | ++/+ | +/+ | +/+ | ++/++ |
3. ADDITIVE WITH EFFECT MEDIATOR | - -/- - | - -/- - | - -/- - | -/- |
4. INTERACTION WITH MAIN EFFECTS | ++/++ | ++/++ | ++/++ | ++/++ |
5. INTERACTION WITH NO MAIN EFFECTS | +/++ | +/++ | -/+ | -/+ |
6. CONDITIONAL ASSOCIATION | +/+ | +/+ | -/+ | -/+ |