Fig. 5

Insulin signaling regulates freeze–thaw stress survival. Freeze–thaw stress survival of mutants defective in insulin signaling, dauer formation signaling (TGF-β, steroid hormone signaling), longevity genes, and TRPA-1. Mutants defective in insulin signaling showed abnormal survival after freeze–thaw treatment. In contrast, TGF-β, steroid hormone signaling, other longevity gene, and trpa-1 mutants showed normal survival rates compared with wild-type animals. Every assay was repeated at least three times (n > 110–297) in the same conditions. Statistical significance was assessed by the Mann–Whitney test. **p < 0.01, n.s. - not significant