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Table 3 Associations of BMI, WHR, and childhood BMI genetic risk scores with childhood adiposity (N = 3,975)a, b

From: Associations of genetic risk scores based on adult adiposity pathways with childhood growth and adiposity measures

Risk score (number of SNPs in risk score)

Body mass indexc

Total fat massc,d,e

Android/gynoid ratioc,d,e

Preperitoneal fat areac,d,e

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Beta (CI 95 %)

P-value

Main risk scores*

 Adult BMI (N = 97)

0.112 (0.084; 0.141)

1.01*10 −14

0.092 (0.065; 0.119)

3.89*10 −11

0.077 (0.045; 0.108)

2.00*10 −6

0.034 (0.001; 0.066)

0.042

 Secondary risk scores

 Adult WHR (N = 47)

−0.012 (−0.042; 0.017)

0.405

−0.012 (−0.040 0.016)

0.402

0.073 (0.041; 0.105)

8.00*10 −6

0.029 (−0.004; 0.061)

0.088

 Child BMI (N = 15)

0.091 (0.063; 0.119)

3.43*10 −10

0.073 (0.046; 0.100)

1.40*10 −7

0.081 (0.050; 0.112)

3.75*10 −7

0.038 (0.006; 0.070)

0.020

Adult BMI pathway genetic risk scores**

Neuronal

 Neuronal developmental processes (N = 29)

0.018 (0.014; 0.023)

2.25*10-5

0.032 (0.003; 0.061)

0.031

0.038 (0.004; 0.071)

0.029

0.008 (−0.026; 0.042)

0.654

 Neurotransmission (N = 10)

0.013 (−0.015; 0.042)

0.370

−0.003 (−0.030; 0.024)

0.827

0.002 (−0.029; 0.034)

0.876

−0.009 (−0.040; 0.023)

0.595

 Hypothalamic expression and regulation (N = 13)

0.099 (0.071; 0.128)

5.81*10 −12

0.089 (0.062; 0.115)

1.29*10 −10

0.080 (0.049; 0.111)

5.30*10 −7

0.041 (0.009; 0.073)

0.013

 Neuronal expression (N = 12)

0.017 (−0.012; 0.046)

0.240

0.020 (−0.008; 0.047)

0.165

0.036 (0.004; 0.068)

0.027

0.009 (−0.023; 0.041)

0.583

0.023 (−0.005; 0.052)

0.112

0.013 (−0.014; 0.041)

0.341

0.016 (−0.016; 0.048)

0.320

−0.001 (−0.033; 0.032)

0.972

 Bone development (N = 9)

0.018 (−0.011; 0.064)

0.226

0.006 (−0.021; 0.033)

0.656

0.015 (−0.016; 0.047)

0.340

0.004 (−0.028; 0.036)

0.811

Signaling

 MAPK1/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (N = 9)

0.034 (0.006; 0.062)

0.018

0.037 (0.010; 0.064)

0.008

0.023 (−0.008; 0.054)

0.149

0.014 (−0.017; 0.046)

0.378

 JAK (N = 2)

0.033 (0.005; 0.062)

0.023

0.020 (−0.007; 0.047)

0.150

0.012 (−0.020; 0.043)

0.457

0.007 (−0.025; 0.039)

0.676

 CyclicAMP (N = 5)

0.046 (0.017; 0.075)

0.002

0.052 (0.024; 0.079)

2.75*10 −4

0.039 (0.006; 0.071)

0.019

0.026 (−0.007; 0.058)

0.123

 WNTSignaling (N = 6)

0.058 (0.030; 0.087)

6.10*10 −5

0.029 (0.002; 0.057)

0.034

0.039 (0.007; 0.070)

0.016

0.032 (0.000; 0.064)

0.047

G-protein coupled receptor

 Notch signaling (N = 2)

−0.027 (−0.056; 0.001)

0.059

−0.028 (−0.055; 0.000)

0.046

−0.028 (−0.059; 0.003)

0.075

−0.028 (−0.060; 0.003)

0.080

 Mitochondrial (N = 8)

0.040 (0.010; 0.070)

0.009

0.041 (0.012; 0.069)

0.005

−0.002 (−0.035; 0.031)

0.905

−0.003 (−0.037; 0.031)

0.877

 Retinoic acid receptors (N = 6)

0.045 (0.017; 0.074)

0.002

0.037 (0.010; 0.065)

0.007

0.016 (−0.015; 0.047)

0.313

0.017 (−0.015; 0.049)

0.293

 Endocytosis/exocytosis (N = 14)

−0.012 (−0.041; 0.016)

0.400

−0.003 (−0.030; 0.024)

0.840

−0.021 (−0.053; 0.010)

0.178

−0.020 (−0.051; 0.012)

0.218

 Eye-related (N = 5)

0.012 (−0.016; 0.041)

0.398

0.015 (−0.012; 0.043)

0.276

−0.012 (−0.044; 0.020)

0.456

0.003 (−0.029; 0.035)

0.845

 Tumorigenesis (N = 11)

0.041 (0.012; 0.070)

0.006

0.020 (−0.008; 0.048)

0.161

0.017 (−0.016; 0.049)

0.312

0.013 (−0.020; 0.046)

0.431

 Apoptosis (N = 13)

0.025 (−0.003; 0.054)

0.084

0.020 (−0.007; 0.047)

0.151

−0.008 (−0.039; 0.024)

0.621

−0.036 (−0.068; −0.004)

0.028

 Membrane proteins (N = 12)

0.075 (0.046; 0.103)

2.44*10 −7

0.044 (0.017; 0.071)

0.002

0.059 (0.028; 0.090)

1.93*10 −4

0.011 (−0.021; 0.044)

0.495

 Hormone metabolism/regulation (N = 4)

0.021 (−0.008; 0.049)

0.161

0.043 (0.015; 0.070)

0.002

0.026 (−0.005; 0.057)

0.103

0.004 (−0.028; 0.036)

0.812

 Purine/pyrimidine cycle (N = 4)

0.013 (−0.016; 0.041)

0.379

0.004 (−0.023; 0.031)

0.762

−0.017 (−0.048; 0.014)

0.285

−0.007 (−0.038; 0.024)

0.661

 Monogenic obesity/energy homeostasis (N = 9)

0.074 (0.045; 0.102)

4.74*10 −7

0.068 (0.041; 0.095)

1.00*10 −6

0.065 (0.034; 0.096)

5.00*10 −5

0.030 (−0.003; 0.062)

0.072

 Immune system (N = 15)

0.045 (0.017; 0.074)

0.002

0.037 (0.010; 0.065)

0.008

0.021 (−0.011; 0.052)

0.193

−0.008 (−0.040; 0.024)

0.620

 Limb development (N = 3)

0.035 (0.007; 0.064)

0.015

0.024 (−0.006; 0.049)

0.125

0.028 (−0.003; 0.060)

0.076

0.004 (−0.028; 0.036)

0.794

 Ubiquitin pathways (N = 6)

−0.007 (−0.036; 0.021)

0.617

0.006 (−0.021; 0.034)

0.656

−0.011 (−0.043; 0.020)

0.483

−0.015 (−0.047; 0.017)

0.359

 Glucose homeostasis/diabetes (N = 11)

0.050 (0.021; 0.079)

0.001

0.023 (−0.004; 0.051)

0.096

0.042 (0.011; 0.074)

0.008

0.009 (−0.023; 0.042)

0.575

 Cell cycle (N = 23)

0.044 (0.016; 0.073)

0.002

0.047 (0.019; 0.074)

0.001

0.024 (−0.007; 0.055)

0.135

0.007 (−0.025; 0.039)

0.684

DNARepair

 Nuclear trafficking (N = 4)

−0.005 (−0.034; 0.023)

0.716

−0.009 (−0.036; 0.018)

0.518

−0.004 (−0.036; 0.028)

0.804

−0.008 (−0.041; 0.024)

0.608

 Muscle biology (N = 6)

0.048 (0.020; 0.077)

0.001

0.029 (0.002; 0.057)

0.038

0.025 (−0.007; 0.056)

0.127

0.022 (−0.010; 0.054)

0.181

  1. * Bold font indicates P-value < 0.05. ** Bold font indicates significant after Bonferroni correction for the 28 pathways (p-value < 0.0018)
  2. aAnalyses were performed in children with complete data on genetic variants, at least one outcome under study, and covariates
  3. bValues are linear regression coefficients for models adjusted for sex and the first four genetic principal components and represent the difference in standard deviation scores of the outcome measures for each additional average risk allele in the risk scores
  4. cValues are additionally adjusted for age
  5. dValues are additionally adjusted for height
  6. eRegression coefficients are based on standard deviation scores of ln-transformed outcome measures