Fig. 3

Alternative splicing on Exon 19: (a) Sequencing chromatograms showing (top) overlapping peaks from the presence of exon19c and exon19d (Davies et al. 2007) only in field pyrethroid resistant populations whereas no alternative splicing is observed for the FANG laboratory susceptible strain (bottom) suggesting an association between alternative splicing and resistance phenotype. Two potential mutations could lead to a L913F close to the I915M super kdr and also the L932F mutation shown to confer pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Davies et al. 2007). b Pyrosequencing chromatograms showing that only the TTA (L913) and CTC (L932) genotypes were detected across Africa