Table 1 Physical and chemical properties of the flowering related proteins

CsFT

Cs7g07420.1

207

23143.33

6.29

47.17

Unstable

70.14

-0.928

Rdx family

Extracellular

Ectopic expression of an FT homolog conferred an early flowering phenotype in trifoliate orange [75]

CsCO

Cs5g20660.3

437

49268.88

6.87

34.13

Stable

87.92

-0.216

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

Extracellular

CO overexpression resulted in early phenotype in Arabidopsis [76]

CsSOC1

Cs3g20780.1

1065

118360.4

5.23

45.83

Unstable

75.73

-0.605

KOW motif

Nuclear

Overexpression of SOC1 suppressed the late flowering phenotype in Arabidopsis [77]

CsFLD

Cs7g24530.1

722

79152.14

9.35

34.26

Stable

88.86

-0.191

Flavin containing amine oxidoreductase

Nuclear

Overexpression of FLD induced early flowering in Brassica juncea [78]

CsLFY

Cs7g19530.1

398

44568.31

7.64

37.11

Stable

75.58

-0.569

DNA Binding Domain (C-terminal) Leafy/Floricaula

Nuclear

Constitutively expression of LFY promoteed

flower initiation in Arabidopsis [79]

CsSVP

Cs1g20360.1

217

24646.96

6.18

56.63

Unstable

87.19

-0.69

SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerisation domain)

Nuclear

svp mutants passed more rapidly through the vegetative developmental stages in Arabidopsis [80]

CsTFL

Cs6g15000.1

173

19388.09

7.96

48.61

Unstable

78.27

-0.25

Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein

Cytoplasmic

tfl1-1 mutation caused early flowering in Arabidopsis [81]

CsBFT

Cs9g16990.1

173

19234.97

9.16

40.78

Unstable

78.84

-0.305

Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein

Cytoplasmic

BFT over-expression caused late flowering in Arabidopsis [82]

CsMADS_AGL61

Cs2g21850.4

433

49222.5

9.26

50.33

Unstable

72.29

-0.897

Zinc finger C-x8-C-x5-C-x3-H type

Extracellular

MADS_AGL genes regulate flowering via various regulatory pathways [83, 84]

CsMADS_AGL82

Cs6g13050.1

485

55194.13

9.16

38.26

Stable

92.14

-0.247

PPR repeat

Mitochondrial

CsMADS_AGL31

Cs1g26410.2

519

59,579

4.55

52.02

Unstable

85.24

-0.32

Cyclin, N-terminal domain

Extracellular

CsMADS_AGL3

Cs5g12270.1

175

20207.84

5.85

55.62

Unstable

85.77

-0.592

K-box region

Nuclear

CsMADS_AGL70

Cs2g04260.3

447

51135.08

6.66

41.4

Unstable

94.88

-0.327

Protein tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase

Extracellular

CsMADS_AGL72

Cs9g16575.1

85

9753.47

9.51

42.6

Unstable

75.65

-0.146

SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerisation domain)

Nuclear

CsMADS_AGL35

Cs6g01880.1

237

27186.28

9.37

56.77

Unstable

67.47

-0.713

SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerisation domain)

Nuclear

CsTSF

Cs6g16420.1

146

16815.81

10.16

68.02

Unstable

76.1

-0.638

None

Membrane bound chloroplast

TSF overexpression caused a precocious flowering phenotype independent of photoperiods in Arabidopsis [85]

CsAP3

Cs1g24860.1

223

25761.15

9.39

44.23

Unstable

69.1

-0.856

SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerisation domain)

Nuclear

AP3 negatively regulates BANQUO genes whose expression promotes early flowering [86]

CsAP2

Cs8g17390.1

510

55237.62

6.06

51.41

Unstable

56.08

-0.676

AP2 domain

Nuclear

Over-expression of miRNA targeted AP2 and promotes early flowering [87]

CsWUS

Cs8g17610.1

208

24103.7

9.33

68.12

Unstable

60.48

-0.756

Homeodomain

Nuclear

Overexpression of OsWOX13 (WUS Homeobox Transcription Factor) in rice resulted in early flowering [88]

CsCRY1

Cs3g18240.5

502

56830.21

5.33

55.05

Unstable

71.33

-0.594

FAD binding domain of DNA photolyase

Nuclear

Allele carrying the gain-of-function CRY2-Cvi flowers much earlier in Arabidopsis [89]

CsCRY2

Cs9g10510.2

644

73691.23

5.49

46.07

Unstable

77.55

-0.487

FAD binding domain of DNA photolyase

Nuclear

OsiCRY2 Arabidopsis over-expressers exhibited early flowering by 10–15 days in rice [90]

CsDL4

Cs4g01340.1

1633

183255.6

6.47

45.46

Unstable

93.04

-0.163

Ribonuclease III domain

Nuclear

Mutations of DL cause complete homeotic transformation of carpels into stamens [91]

CsGI

Cs3g21790.7

941

103301.3

6.19

57.18

Unstable

93.72

-0.05

None

Nuclear

Overexpression of GI promoted early flowering in Arabidopsis [92]

CsPHYB

Cs9g02220.2

1090

120896.4

5.84

44.14

Unstable

94.2

-0.108

Phytochrome region

Extracellular

Loss of function of GmPHYA2/E4 or GmPHYA3/E3 significantly shortened the time to flowering in soybean [93]

CsFLK

Cs8g13220.1

521

56104.4

4.66

56.22

Unstable

70.33

-0.565

KH domain

Extracellular

Mutant having inactivated FLK via T-DNA insertion exhibited late flowering phenotype [94]

CsSEP2

Cs6g19680.1

243

27894.81

9.01

41.84

Unstable

83.09

-0.674

K-box region

Nuclear

Overexpression of SEP3 causes similar phenotypes as 35 S:AP1 to promote the flowering of Arabidopsis [95]

CsPI

Cs4g06140.3

238

27357.43

8.15

50.63

Unstable

92.14

-0.445

SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerisation domain)

Nuclear

Mutations in PI resulted in the homeotic transformation of petals to sepals and stamens to carpels [96]

CsMAF1

Cs2g14610.2

222

24322.14

9.65

46.95

Unstable

94.91

0.089

Cofactor assembly of complex C subunit B

Extracellular

MAF2 overexpression between generations delays flowering in Arabidopsis [61]

CsSHP1

Cs7g16960.1

127

14425.72

10.01

57.53

Unstable

82.99

-0.547

SRF-type transcription factor (DNA-binding and dimerisation domain)

Nuclear

shp1 shp2 double mutant fruits do not open at maturity in Arabidopsis [97]

CsCEN

Cs8g15080.1

172

19665.50

8.92

45.62

Unstable

76.40

-0.357

Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein

Cytoplasmic

Silencing GoCEN led to early flowering in cotton [98]

CsFLC

Cs7g07200.1

200

22395.88

9.40

41.16

Unstable

98.60

-0.308

-

Nuclear

Loss-of-function of FLC promoted flowering in Arabidopsis [99]

CsEMF1

Cs4g24260.1

1247

137747.91

7.17

52.08

Unstable

61.57

-0.755

Protein EMBRYONIC FLOWER 1

Extracellular

Loss-of-function mutations in Arabidopsis EMF produced a single terminal flower on all nodes [69]

CsFRI

Cs7g14090.1

618

68196.92

8.63

48.26

Unstable

83.82

-0.361

Frigida-like

Nuclear

Early-flowering Arabidopsis

ecotypes have loss of FRI function with alleles containing one of two different deletions

that disrupt the open reading frame [66]

CsTEM1

Cs7g09120.1

377

41911.27

8.89

44.87

Unstable

67.48

-0.640

B3 domain-containing transcription factor LEC2-like

Extracellular

tem1-1 mutant enhanced the early flowering phenotype in Arabidospsis [100]

CsSPB

Cs2g19530.1

189

21086.62

9.02

52.39

Unstable

49.58

-1.110

Squamosa promoter binding-like protein

Nuclear

Over-expression of SBP resulted in delayed flowering in Arabidopsis [101]

CsSPL1

Cs9g00360.2

1038

115346.83

8.31

53.05

Unstable

81.40

-0.389

Squamosa promoter binding-like protein

Nuclear

Ectopic expression of RcSPL1 in Arabidopsis accelerated the vegetative phase transition and flowering [102]

CsSPL2

Cs7g07070.8

480

52509.43

7.17

49.36

Unstable

58.35

-0.678

Squamosa promoter binding-like protein

Nuclear

Spl2 contribute to both juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and the vegetative-to-reproductive transition in Arabidopsis [103]

CsSUF4

Cs2g13420.2

402

44137.22

7.66

63.33

Unstable

68.31

-0.284

-

Nuclear

suf4 mutant exhibited an earlier flowering phenotype in Arabidopsis [104]

CsVIN3

Cs7g01480.1

1211

134654.43

5.56

55.08

Unstable

61.11

-0.828

Protein OBERON

Nuclear

Vin3 mutants completely block vernalization response in Arabidopsis [72]

CsVIP3

Cs4g26180.2

315

34003.42

5.66

27.29

Stable

83.56

-0.063

-

Cytoplasmic

vip3 mutant plants flowered earlier than flc mutants in Arabidopsis [105]

CsDELLA

Cs2g10860.1

594

65010.28

5.07

50.32

Unstable

78.10

-0.252

Transcription factor GRAS

Nuclear

Loss of individual DELLA genes resulted in only a minor hastening in flowering in Arabidopsis [106]

CsZTL

Cs4g02700.1

616

67568.75

5.38

43.76

Unstable

83.78

-0.168

-

Cytoplasmic

Over expression of ZTL causes late flowering phenotype in Arabidopsis [107]

CsFT3

Cs7g24270.1

772

88200.25

9.13

42.98

Unstable

93.76

-0.200

QUIRKY-like

Extracellular

CcFT3 overexpression induced precocious flowering in many transgenic lines in Carrizo [108]